I. What is hypochlorous acid (HCIO):
Hypochlorous acid, an oxygenated acid of elemental chlorine, chemical formula HCIO, structural formula H-O-CI, in which the valence of elemental chlorine is +1, is the lowest valence oxygenated acid of elemental chlorine, but its oxidising property is extremely strong in the oxygenated acid of elemental chlorine, and it is the second strongest oxidising acid in the oxygenated acid of elemental chlorine. It exists only in solution, concentrated solution is yellow, dilute solution is colourless, similar to the smell of chlorine, is a very weak acid, weaker than carbonic acid, and chlorosulphuric acid is comparable. Hypochlorous acid is also extremely bleaching, and its salts can be used as bleach and disinfectants.
Hypochlorite is an antimicrobial object naturally produced within the body's white blood cells and is an integral part of the body's natural defence system. Of course, hypochlorite is not new, as it was widely used as an antimicrobial agent for trauma wound treatment as early as World War I. It was not until scientists discovered that hypochlorite could be used as an antimicrobial agent in the treatment of traumatic wounds that it was used. It wasn't until 1975 that scientists discovered that hypochlorite could be produced inside the body and used to fight the invasion of external pathogens. However, the process of producing hypochlorite outside the human body was not smooth, and the main difficulty was to solve the purity problem of hypochlorite production, as well as solving the stability problem of hypochlorite water. Even so, hypochlorite worked wonders as a sterilising substance during the First World War. It was used to treat amputations, shrapnel injuries and burns, reducing the rate of infection after hospital surgery and saving many lives. If hypochlorite is so amazing, why is it not used on a large scale. Firstly, the stability of hypochlorite is still a problem, followed by the massive use of antibiotics, but the long-term use of antibiotics in large quantities has led to the emergence of pathogenic bacteria resistance, while hypochlorite and antibiotics work on a different principle, hypochlorite's bactericidal effect is an instantaneous mandatory seizure of electrons in the process, like a warrior snatching shields and swords from the hands of the enemy. For more than 100 years, there has been no evidence that pathogenic bacteria develop resistance to hypochlorite.
II. How hypochlorite (HCIO) sterilises:
We use a paper published in Biocontrol Science in 2006 by a Japanese scientist, Professor Fukuzaki, to explain its bactericidal principle.
Hypochlorite (CIO-, also negatively charged) cannot easily enter the cell interior, while hypochlorous acid (HCIO) is a neutral small molecule that can penetrate the cell membrane, enter the cell interior, and react with its internal DNA and mitochondria, causing them to die, which explains to a certain extent why, with the same effective chlorine, hypochlorous acid (HCIO) has a stronger bactericidal ability than sodium hypochlorite ( NaCIO) for the same amount of effective chlorine.
III. Why is there no residue of hypochlorite (HCIO) after sterilisation and where do the harmful substances go?
Microorganisms have protein structure (organic matter), hypochlorous acid (HCIO) can react with nitrogenous organic matter or sulphurous organic matter, chlorine combines with pathogenic bacteria, and the H of the pathogenic bacteria is replaced by CI, and combines with OH to form H²O, so HCIO in the process of sterilisation is to dismantle bacteria and other microorganisms through oxidation, and its products are non-toxic substances, such as water, sodium chloride (salt), organic sugar, and trace carbon dioxide, so it has the characteristics of non-residue and non-toxicity. Its products are non-toxic substances such as water, sodium chloride (salt), organic sugar and trace amount of carbon dioxide.
IV. Why choose hypochlorite (HCIO):
Hypochlorite is a very popular ingredient in the field of surface disinfection in recent years. China will be divided into three levels of disinfectant, low, medium and high, HCIO as China's disinfection industry standard level of the highest disinfectant, bactericidal disinfection ability of sodium hypochlorite tens of times.
In 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved products whose main active ingredient is hypochlorite for the treatment of wounds and various infections.
Subsequently, in 2018, the latest Chinese national standard GB/T 36758-2018 Chlorine-containing Disinfectant Hygiene Requirements, and in 2020, the CDC's Guidelines for the Use of Commonly Used Disinfectants, it was pointed out that, in addition to hypochlorite disinfectants for the disinfection of object surfaces, fabrics and other contaminated items, as well as for the disinfection purposes of water, fruits and vegetables, and food and drinking utensils, they can be used for the disinfection of indoor air, the surfaces of secondary water supply equipment and facilities, and the hands, Disinfection of skin and mucous membranes. This is a national recognition of the wide application of hypochlorite disinfectant.
In 2002, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan recognised hypochlorite as a food additive.
V. Hypochlorous acid (HCIO) applications:
1. Disinfection and sterilisation
Hypochlorous acid is an inorganic small molecule, which can penetrate the cell wall and cell membrane of microorganisms, destroy the microorganisms' proteins, nucleic acids and other vital substances, and lead to the death of microorganisms, so as to achieve the effect of sterilisation and disinfection. Hypochlorous acid (HCLO) has been proved by research to be effective against many viruses such as New Crown Virus, Norovirus, Influenza Virus, Ebola Virus, Polio Virus and so on. Bactericidal rate: The bactericidal efficiency of hypochlorite water at pH 6.50 is close to 100%. It is 80 times faster than sodium hypochlorite products and can kill bacteria instantly. Mandarine brand hypochlorite products have a shelf life of up to 2 years using a special process, and have a high degree of stability and safety! Wide range of applications and people. Mothers and babies are applicable.
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2. Promote wound healing
Common wound healing, mainly by a variety of cytokines and growth factors, coordinated with each other to produce the physiological process. The knowledge is extensive and encompasses cell biology such as cell movement, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. Stabilised hypochlorite solutions are highly desirable wound care agents and have a very powerful and rapid killing effect on many different types of biofilms, bacteria in microorganisms. Secondly, it has a dose-dependent beneficial effect on fibroblast and keratinocyte migration. Meanwhile, studies have shown that 0.01% hypochlorite solution can increase the number of neovascularised capillaries and the level of fibroblasts in rat traumatic granulation tissue, which can provide a basis for clinical use. These characteristics make HOCl solution as an ideal wound care agent.
3. Stopping itching
A study by T. Fukuyama at North Carolina State University found that treatment with HOCl hydrogel prevented lesion development and scratching. When administered after full lesion development, HOCl reduced lesions and scratching behaviour to a similar extent as the positive control 0.1% betamethasone dipropionate ointment.The therapeutic effect of HOCl was evidenced by a reduction in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in affected skin tissues of NC/Nga mice. In addition, HOCl significantly reduced IL-12 production in mBMDC. At the end of the study, an impaired response to several pruritic agents excised from dorsal root ganglion neurons of NC/Nga mice confirmed the attenuation of scratching behaviour. These data suggest that HOCl directly reduces sensory responses, thereby significantly reducing itching and inflammation in vivo.
4.Remove odour
The principle of hypochlorite deodorisation is through oxidative decomposition of odour, it can quickly decompose rubbish odour, fish odour, corruption odour, body odour, pet odour, garlic odour, cigarette odour, formaldehyde odour and so on. Ammonia is one of the common odour molecules, hypochlorous acid (HClO) and ammonia (NH3) through the complex decomposition reaction to generate ammonia chloride and water, mainly through the following chemical reaction equation: MN3+HCLO→NH2CL+H2O5。
5. Formaldehyde removal
Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is a very strong oxidising substance, when faced with formaldehyde (HCHO), it has the ability to decompose formaldehyde, but the concentration and PH value (between 5 and 7, weakly acidic hypochlorous acid) are two important indicators. Weakly acidic hypochlorite disinfectant solution is completely non-toxic and harmless to humans and animals, so no need to have to evacuate the personnel can be atomised, the hypochlorite atomised into the air not only to eliminate the free state of formaldehyde in the air, but also able to eliminate microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi and viruses, to achieve the effect of air dynamic elimination. Hypochlorite decomposition of formaldehyde chemical equation: HCHO (formaldehyde) + HClO = HCOOH (formic acid) + HCl
HCOOH+HClO=CO2↑+H2O+HCl
6. Removal of Aflatoxin
Aflatoxin is produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Among aflatoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic and carcinogenic, and was classified as a group 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organisation's Agency for Research on Cancer (ARICO) in 1993, and it is the most toxic natural toxicant known to date. Xiongke et al. used acidic electrolytic hypochlorite water to remove AFB1, and identified and evaluated the safety of the generated products. The mechanism of AFB1 removal by acidic electrolytic hypochlorite water was revealed. The results showed that the main product of AFB1 removal by acidic electrolysis of hypochlorite water had a relative molecular mass of 364 and a chemical formula of C17H13ClO7, and the unknown product was identified as 8-chloro-9-hydroxy-Aflatoxin B1 (8-Cl-9-OH-AFB1) by NMR analysis. It is an organic molecule with amphiphilic nature. The results of the safety study showed that the product is non-mutagenic, with an IC50 value of approximately 150 mmol/L and non-toxic to cells. The safety of acidic electrolysis of hypochlorite water to remove AFB1 is clear, which provides a safe and effective new way to remove AFB1 pollution with better application prospect.
7. Mite removal
HOCl has strong antibacterial properties. Laboratory studies have shown that hypochlorous acid can effectively kill the warts of helminth mites, as well as Bacillus gregarious and Staphylococcus aureus living on the eyelids and in the intestinal tract of helminth mites. In addition, HOCl neutralises inflammatory toxins released by mites and bacteria.
8. Freshness preservation
Hypochlorous acid is an immersion type preservative, which is used to achieve the purpose of preservation through immersion, spraying, etc. It can kill or control pathogenic microorganisms on the surface or inside of fruits and vegetables, and regulate the respiratory metabolism of fruits and vegetables after harvest. Domestic and foreign scholars have made a lot of research on the application of hypochlorous acid in fruit preservation, and the types of fruits involved include peach, grapes, strawberries, fresh-cut apples, etc. It is found that hypochlorous acid inhibits the release of ethylene, which can effectively reduce the decay rate of fruits and inhibit the production of ethylene in fruits themselves, reduce the permeability of fruit cell membranes, reduce the rate of increase in the activity of polyphenol oxidase, and delay the discolouration of the flesh of the fruits. It has the obvious function of preserving freshness. As early as 2002, the U.S. FDA will hypochlorite identified as "Inventory of Effective ContactSubstance (FCS)", that is, effective contact with food identified.
9. Crop disease control
Micro-acid hypochlorite water instead of or partially instead of chemical pesticides for crop disease control, not only can reduce the use of chemical pesticides, but also in the use of safety, ease of operation and economy has great advantages. China Agricultural University Professor Li Rite group took the lead in China to carry out the research of electrolytic water in crop disease prevention and control, from 2003 to 2009, the group's research shows that the acidic electrolytic hypochlorite water has a very good effect on the prevention and control of anthracnose of grapes, powdery mildew of cucumber, stripe rust of wheat, and leaf mould of tomato and other diseases.
VI . Precautions
Close the operation and strengthen the ventilation. Operators must be specially trained and strictly observe the operating procedures. It is recommended that operators wear hood-type electric air-feeding filtering dust respirator, rubberised anti-virus clothing and neoprene gloves. Keep away from fire and heat source, smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace. Keep away from flammable and combustible materials. Avoid generating dust. Avoid contact with reducing agents and acids. Load and unload lightly when handling to prevent damage to packaging and containers. Prohibit vibration, impact and friction. Equip with appropriate varieties and quantities of fire-fighting equipment and leakage emergency treatment equipment. Empty containers may retain harmful substances.
Store in a cool and ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat source. The temperature of the warehouse should not exceed 30℃ and the relative humidity should not exceed 80%. Packaging requires sealing and no contact with air. It should be stored separately from reducing agents, acids, flammable (combustible) materials, etc. Do not mix storage. It is not suitable for mass storage or long storage. The storage area should be equipped with suitable materials to contain the leakage.
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